CategoriesPhysiotherapy

Building Stronger Bones: How the Onero™ Program Helps Fight Osteoporosis

Building Stronger Bones: How the Onero™ Program Helps Fight Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is often called the “silent disease” because bone loss can occur without symptoms until a fracture happens. At Elevate Physio and Pilates, we’re proud to offer the Onero™ Program—an evidence-based exercise program specifically designed to improve bone health, reduce fracture risk, and enhance functional strength in people with low bone density or osteoporosis.

What is the Onero™ Program?

Developed by researchers at The Bone Clinic in Brisbane, the Onero™ Program is a high-intensity, evidence-based exercise protocol designed for individuals diagnosed with osteoporosis or osteopenia. It incorporates weight-bearing, resistance, and impact-loading exercises proven to be safe and effective in improving bone mineral density, muscle strength, balance, and function.

Unlike generic exercise routines, Onero™ is tailored and supervised by trained professionals to ensure exercises are performed safely and with the correct technique, especially important for those at risk of fracture.

The Science Behind Onero™

The Onero™ Program is backed by robust research, including the LIFTMOR (Lifting Intervention For Training Muscle and Osteoporosis Rehabilitation) trial. This study showed that targeted high-intensity resistance and impact training could increase bone density, improve functional performance, and reduce the risk of falls in postmenopausal women with low bone mass.

Key findings from the LIFTMOR trial:

  • Increases in spinal and hip bone density
  • Improvements in posture and balance
  • No increase in injury or fracture risk when performed under supervision

Who is the Onero™ Program For?

Onero™ is ideal for:

  • Individuals diagnosed with osteoporosis or osteopenia
  • People looking to proactively reduce fracture risk
  • Those seeking a structured, research-backed exercise option under the supervision of experienced practitioners

Before starting the program, each participant undergoes a detailed assessment to ensure suitability and to tailor the program to their needs and capabilities.

What to Expect at Elevate Physio and Pilates

When you join the Onero™ Program at our clinic, you’ll work closely with physiotherapists who are trained and certified in the Onero™ methodology. Your program will be delivered in a small-group setting, ensuring close supervision and a supportive environment.

The sessions include:

  • Weight-lifting using free weights and machines
  • Jumping and landing drills to stimulate bone growth
  • Functional exercises to improve balance and movement confidence

Each session typically runs for about 45–60 minutes, and we recommend attending twice per week for optimal results.

Benefits Beyond Bone Health

While the primary goal is to improve bone density, participants often notice other health benefits, such as:

  • Increased confidence with everyday movements
  • Better balance and coordination
  • Improved strength and posture
  • Reduced fear of falling

Ready to Strengthen Your Bones?

If you or a loved one is living with osteoporosis, the Onero™ Program offers a proven, safe, and effective way to take control of your bone health. Contact Elevate Physio and Pilates today to book an assessment and learn how we can support you on your journey to stronger bones and better health.

a partial image of a man clutching his reddened wrist that looks hurt or inflamed
CategoriesPhysiotherapy Remedial Massage/Myotherapy

Chronic Pain Relief: Physiotherapy vs Myotherapy

Chronic Pain Relief: Physiotherapy vs Myotherapy

Elevate Can Help You Find Lasting Pain Relief

Chronic pain can be one of the most challenging and debilitating conditions which usually effects your ability to live a full and active life. At our clinic, we specialize in providing tailored therapies that target pain relief and restore your quality of life. Whether you are suffering from long-term discomfort due to musculoskeletal issues, injuries, or tension, myotherapy combined with physiotherapy, could be the key components in your pain management strategy.

What is Chronic Pain?

Chronic pain is defined as pain that persists for more than three months, often outlasting the typical healing process. It can be caused by various factors such as muscle injuries, joint problems, nerve damage, or underlying health conditions like arthritis. Chronic pain can manifest in different ways, including constant aches, sharp sensations, or even burning or tingling sensations, which can significantly impact daily activities. Studies have shown that Chronic pain lasting over 6-12 months can cause significant psychological impacts that can worsen the pain itself, leading to a vicious cycle of discomfort and emotional distress. If you are experiencing chronic pain, it is important to seek professional treatment that addresses the root cause of your discomfort, rather than just masking the symptoms, this generally requires a team of health professionals e.g., Doctors and psychologists to gain the best chance of recovery.

How Myotherapy Can Help with Chronic Pain

Myotherapy is a form of manual therapy that focuses on treating muscular pain and dysfunction through targeted techniques such as soft tissue manipulation, trigger point therapy, and deep tissue massage. It aims to reduce muscle tension, improve circulation, and enhance overall movement, which can play a significant role in reducing chronic pain. Along with assisting in exercise-based intervention and mental health by improving stress and anxiety around pain.

Here are some of the key benefits of myotherapy for chronic pain relief:

  1. Targeted Pain Relief for Musculoskeletal Disorders

Myotherapy is effective for treating pain caused by musculoskeletal conditions, such as back pain, neck pain, and shoulder tension. By targeting specific muscles and soft tissues, myotherapists can address the underlying causes of pain, helping to relieve and manage discomfort and prevent it from reoccurring.

  1. Trigger Point Therapy

One of the core techniques in myotherapy is trigger point therapy, which focuses on identifying and applying pressure to myofascial trigger points, these spots are sensitive areas in the muscles that can become sore overtime causing pain. These trigger points are often caused by muscle overuse or underuse and are known for their ability to refer pain to other parts of the body, making it difficult to pinpoint the source of discomfort. By releasing these points, myotherapy can provide significant relief from chronic pain.

  1. Improved Muscle Function

Chronic pain often leads to muscle imbalances and restricted movement. Myotherapy helps to improve muscle flexibility, strength, and function, which can alleviate pain and restore mobility. This allows you to move more freely and participate in activities that may have been hindered by pain.

  1. Reduced Inflammation

Chronic inflammation is often a contributing factor to ongoing pain. Myotherapy techniques, such as massage and deep tissue work, can stimulate circulation and reduce inflammation in affected areas, providing long-term relief.

Here are a few ways physiotherapy can complement myotherapy and aid in chronic pain therapy:

Personalized Exercise Programs

Physiotherapists are trained to design individualized exercise programs that strengthen muscles, improve posture, and restore joint mobility. These exercises can address the root cause of chronic pain, such as poor posture or muscle weakness, and help prevent future flare-ups.

Education and Ergonomics

A key aspect of physiotherapy is educating patients about posture, movement patterns, and lifestyle changes that can prevent chronic pain from worsening. Physiotherapists can also assess your work environment and recommend ergonomic adjustments to reduce strain and promote healing.

Long-Term Pain Management

With a focus on long-term solutions, physiotherapy provides patients with tools to manage pain, improve strength, and enhance quality of life. By addressing the underlying causes of chronic pain, physiotherapy helps prevent future discomfort and promotes lasting well-being.

Combining Myotherapy and Physiotherapy for Optimal Pain Relief

At our clinic, we understand that chronic pain is complex, and we believe that a multidisciplinary approach is often the best way to achieve lasting relief. By combining the benefits of myotherapy with physiotherapy, we can create a personalised treatment plan that targets pain from multiple angles. Whether you’re seeking myotherapy for muscle pain relief or physiotherapy for comprehensive chronic pain management, our team of experienced practitioners will work with you to develop a strategy that fits your needs and goals.

FAQs

How long will it take to see results?

The time it takes to experience relief varies depending on the severity of the chronic pain, the underlying cause, and the treatment plan. Some people may experience immediate relief after a session, while others may require multiple treatments to see significant improvement. Depending on your personal goals A consultation with a Physio or Myotherapists can help you devise some attainable steps and a plan on reaching your goals

Do I need a referral to see a Myotherapist or physiotherapist?

In most cases, you do not need a referral to see a myotherapists or physiotherapist. However, for Medicare/Bulk billed subsidised treatments will need to be approved by a GP. These are only for Physiotherapy consultations and are limited to 5 sessions per year. Alternatively, some chronic conditions are eligible for NDIS/Workcover Support which can be used to fund Physio and Myotherapy consultations. 

What can I do at home to support my treatment?

Your myotherapists or physiotherapist may provide you with exercises, stretches, or lifestyle recommendations to complement your treatment. Staying active, practicing good posture, using ergonomic tools at work, and following a tailored exercise program can help reduce pain and improve your overall health. Consistency with at-home practices is key to long-term pain relief.

Can I continue working or exercising while receiving treatment?

In most cases, you can continue light activities, work, and exercise as long as they do not exacerbate your pain. Your therapist will guide you on which activities are safe and provide modifications if needed. It’s important to listen to your body and avoid overexertion during the healing process.

What should I expect during my first session?

During your first session, your therapist will conduct a thorough assessment to understand your pain history, medical background, and specific symptoms. They may ask about your daily activities, lifestyle, and any areas of discomfort. Based on this, they will develop a personalized treatment plan tailored to your needs. You may experience some hands-on therapy, including stretching, massage, Dry needling and shockwave/ultrasound therapy if recommended depending on your condition.

Can myotherapy or physiotherapy completely eliminate my chronic pain?

While myotherapy and physiotherapy can significantly reduce chronic pain and improve function, it’s important to understand that chronic pain management is an ongoing process. The goal is to help you manage pain effectively, reduce flare-ups, and enhance your quality of life. Some individuals may experience long-term relief, while others may need periodic treatment for continued support.

If you’re dealing with chronic pain, reach out to us today to book a consultation with one of our skilled Healthcare practitioners. We’ll work together to create a personalized treatment plan that supports your pain management and enhances your overall health and well-being.

 

Sources

Miller-Matero, L.R. et al. (2021) ‘A brief psychological intervention for chronic pain in primary care: A pilot randomized controlled trial’, Pain Medicine, 22(7), pp. 1603–1611. doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa444.

Lee, J. H., Kim, M. Y., & Lee, Y. H. (2015). Effectiveness of exercise and education for improving health-related quality of life in people with chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PM&R, 7(2), 172-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2014.12.007

Kim, H. and Lee, S. (2023) ‘The impact of manual therapy on pain catastrophizing in chronic pain conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science, 12(2), pp. 177–184. doi:10.14474/ptrs.2023.12.2.177.

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CategoriesWellness

What is Photobiomodulation?

Harnessing Light for Healing

What is Photobiomodulation?

Harnessing the Power of Light for Healing

In recent years, photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has been gaining attention as an innovative, non-invasive approach to promote healing, reduce pain, and improve overall wellness. But what exactly is PBM, and how does it work?

What is Photobiomodulation (PBM)?

Photobiomodulation, formerly known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), is a process where light, typically in the form of red or near-infrared wavelengths, is used to stimulate cellular processes. When applied to tissues, PBM has been shown to trigger a range of biological effects that can help accelerate healing, reduce inflammation, and even enhance tissue regeneration.

Unlike high-powered lasers used in surgery or tattoo removal, PBM uses low-intensity light that doesn’t cause heat or damage to the skin or underlying tissues. Instead, it activates photoreceptors in cells, leading to various therapeutic benefits.

How Does PBM Work?

PBM works by using specific wavelengths of light, generally between 600 to 1,000 nanometers, which penetrate the skin and interact with mitochondria in cells. Mitochondria are the “powerhouses” of our cells, responsible for producing ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency that powers cellular functions. The absorbed light boosts ATP production, leading to enhanced cellular repair, regeneration, and overall function.

This process is known as photoactivation, where light energy stimulates biochemical processes that promote healing. Additionally, PBM therapy has been shown to increase nitric oxide levels, improve blood circulation, and reduce oxidative stress, all of which contribute to tissue repair and pain reduction.

Key Benefits of Photobiomodulation

  1. Pain Relief: One of the most notable benefits of PBM is its ability to alleviate both acute and chronic pain. By stimulating the body’s natural healing processes and reducing inflammation, PBM can help manage pain from conditions such as arthritis, back pain, sports injuries, and post-surgery recovery.
  2. Wound Healing: PBM has been shown to accelerate wound healing, both for superficial cuts and deeper tissue injuries. It promotes collagen production, reduces swelling, and enhances tissue regeneration, leading to faster recovery times.
  3. Muscle Recovery: Athletes and fitness enthusiasts have embraced PBM for its role in muscle recovery. The therapy can reduce muscle soreness, improve circulation, and minimize inflammation, making it an effective tool for speeding up recovery after intense exercise or injury.
  4. Anti-Inflammatory Effects: PBM helps reduce inflammation by modulating immune cell function. This can be beneficial for conditions like tendonitis, bursitis, and even autoimmune diseases that involve chronic inflammation.
  5. Skin Health: The therapy has been shown to improve skin tone, reduce wrinkles, and accelerate the healing of acne or other skin lesions. Its ability to promote collagen production and cellular turnover makes it a valuable tool for skin rejuvenation.
  6. Neurological Benefits: Emerging research suggests that PBM may offer therapeutic potential for brain health, including cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection. Studies are exploring its role in conditions like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, and traumatic brain injuries.

How Is PBM Delivered?

PBM is typically delivered through handheld devices, lasers, or light-emitting diode (LED) panels. Depending on the condition being treated, the light may be applied directly to the skin or delivered through specialized equipment. The treatment is non-invasive, painless, and usually requires multiple sessions for optimal results.

Is PBM Safe?

Photobiomodulation is generally considered safe when used as directed. Since it doesn’t involve high-intensity lasers or heat, there’s minimal risk of side effects. However, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider to ensure PBM is appropriate for your specific condition and that the right parameters (wavelength, intensity, and duration) are used.

Final Thoughts

Photobiomodulation is an exciting and versatile therapeutic approach that harnesses the power of light to stimulate healing, reduce pain, and promote overall wellness. Whether you’re recovering from an injury, seeking pain relief, or looking to enhance your skin health, PBM could be a promising addition to your health regimen.

As research continues to uncover new applications, PBM is poised to become an even more integral part of modern healthcare and wellness strategies

CategoriesGLA:D Hip & Knee Physiotherapy

The GLA:D program: A Revolutionary Approach to Osteoarthritis Care

Evidence Based Treatment for Osteoarthritis

The GLAD Program: A Revolutionary Approach to Osteoarthritis Care

Evidence Based Treatment for Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis– Available at Elevate Physiotherapy and Pilates

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder, impacting millions of people worldwide. It can affect everyday life, limiting mobility and causing pain that interferes with everything from simple tasks to physical activities. Despite its prevalence, many people are unsure how to manage osteoarthritis effectively. That’s where the GLA:D Program comes in—a groundbreaking initiative designed to empower individuals with OA to take control of their condition and improve their quality of life.

At Elevate, we are proud to offer the GLA:D Program to our clients, providing an evidence-based, structured approach to managing osteoarthritis with lasting results.

What is the GLA:D Program?

GLA:D, which stands for Good Life with Arthritis: Denmark, was first developed in Denmark by researchers and physiotherapists. It has since gained global recognition for its success in helping people manage the symptoms of osteoarthritis, particularly in the knees and hips. The program is evidence-based and focuses on teaching participants effective ways to self-manage their OA, improve strength, and enhance mobility through education and structured exercises.

The main goal of the GLA:D Program is to reduce pain, increase function, and delay or even prevent the need for surgery. It has become one of the most effective tools for long-term OA management, and its results are backed by solid research.

How Does the GLA:D Program Work?

The GLA:D Program that we offered at is delivered over the course of eight to twelve weeks by our trained and certified physiotherapists. The program is typically divided into two main components:

  1. Education: Participants learn about osteoarthritis, its causes, and the best ways to manage it. The education component helps people understand the importance of movement and exercise, the role of pain management, and strategies for reducing the progression of OA.
  2. Exercise: Participants engage in supervised exercise sessions specifically designed for those with osteoarthritis. The exercises focus on improving strength, mobility, balance, and coordination, all of which help to reduce the load on affected joints and improve overall function. These exercises can be tailored to suit individual needs and capabilities, ensuring that everyone progresses at their own pace.

At Elevate, we monitor your progress and offer guidance as needed. Our clients consistently report reduced pain, improved physical function, and an overall boost in their confidence to manage osteoarthritis independently.

Why the GLA:D Program is Different?

What sets the GLA:D Program apart is its focus on self-management and long-term results. Rather than simply treating the symptoms, the program equips participants with the tools they need to maintain their progress outside of a clinical setting. By learning how to properly exercise, manage pain, and stay active, people with OA can achieve sustainable improvement in their condition.

Additionally, the GLA:D Program has been proven to reduce the need for joint replacement surgery in many cases. Studies from Denmark and other countries where the program has been implemented show significant reductions in pain and improvements in function. Participants often experience fewer limitations in their day-to-day activities, leading to a better overall quality of life.

Who Can Benefit from the GLA:D Program?

The GLA:D Program is designed for people with mild to moderate osteoarthritis of the knees or hips. It is suitable for individuals at various stages of OA, whether they are newly diagnosed or have been managing the condition for years. The program is also highly beneficial for those looking to avoid surgery or who want to stay active and mobile despite the challenges of OA.

However, it’s important to note that while the GLA:D Program is an excellent tool for managing osteoarthritis, it may not be suitable for everyone. Those with severe OA or other complicating health conditions should consult with their healthcare provider to determine the best course of action.

The Impact of the GLA:D Program

The global success of the GLA:D Program speaks for itself. Over 60,000 people have completed the program worldwide, and participants consistently report improvements in pain, function, and overall well-being. The program’s success is also reflected in its expansion to countries outside of Denmark, including Australia, Canada, and the UK.

By participating in the GLA:D Program, individuals with OA not only gain a deeper understanding of their condition, but they also build strength, regain mobility, and, most importantly, reclaim their independence. The program is a game-changer in the world of osteoarthritis care, offering a sustainable, non-invasive solution to managing this chronic condition.

The GLA:D® Australia program consists of:

An initial 40 minute appointment to explain the program and measure your current functional ability. This 1:1 education sessions which teach you about OA, its risk factors, treatment options, and self-management strategies.

12 Group exercise sessions over 6 weeks.

A review at 3-months with your clinician to discuss progress and goals, and re-measure your functional ability, reassess pain and improvement in quality of life

Ready to Get Started?

If you or a loved one is living with osteoarthritis and looking for a proactive, evidence-based approach to managing the condition, our certified physiotherapists are trained in the GLA:D Program and ready to guide you through your osteoarthritis journey.

By investing time in this structured program, you’ll not only reduce pain and improve mobility but also gain the knowledge and confidence to live a fuller, more active life despite OA. Contact our friendly reception team today to learn more and book your spot in the GLA:D Program!

 

Currently, HCF are covering the cost of the entire GLA:D program for their eligible members.

CategoriesHow To

Elevate your walk with Archies

Elevate your walk with Archies

5 Reasons Archies Are So Comfy:

1.Real Arch Support: Up to 2.2cm of orthotic support encourages optimal foot posture aiding whole body alignment.

2.Material Moulds to your Foot: Archies have specialised closed cell foam material which is formulated to mould to your foot.

3.Tight & Stretchable Strap: Your toes don’t have to grip to keep your thongs on. Walk all day without overusing muscles and tendons in the feet. Give the straps a little stretch to suit.

4.No Plugs, No Problems: Archies Thongs are ultra-strong one piece design that makes them extremely durable and less likely to blow out!

5.Light as Feather: Archies Thongs are so light you’ll barely know you’ve got them on!

Archies are designed by podiatrists so at Elevate we have complete confidence when recommending this foot ware. We have loads of colours and sizes in stock in Balwyn at $40 a pair.

CategoriesRemedial Massage/Myotherapy

Unlocking Peak Performance: The Benefits of Myotherapy for Combat Sports, MMA and Boxing

The Benefits of Myotherapy for Combat Sports, MMA and Boxing

In the high-energy world of combat sports, where precision, strength, and agility are paramount, athletes constantly seek ways to enhance their performance and recovery. Myotherapy, a specialized form of manual therapy focusing on the treatment of muscular pain and dysfunction, has emerged as a crucial component in the training regimen of MMA fighters and boxers. Combining targeted muscle treatment with strategic rehabilitation, myotherapy offers a host of benefits that can help combat sports professionals stay at the top of their game. Here’s a closer look at how myotherapy can enhance performance, recovery, and overall well-being in combat sports.

Benefits of Myotherapy for Combat Sports

 

  1. Enhanced Performance and Strength

Combat sports require explosive power, speed, and agility. Myotherapy helps optimize muscle function by reducing tightness and improving flexibility. Through techniques like trigger point therapy deep tissue massage and Muscular Dry Needling, Myotherapists can alleviate muscle knots and improve circulation. This results in more efficient muscle contractions and better overall performance in the ring or octagon.

 

  1. Accelerated Recovery

Recovery is as crucial as training for any athlete. Myotherapy aids in accelerating recovery by reducing muscle soreness and improving lymphatic drainage. After intense training sessions or fights, myotherapy can help mitigate delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and expedite the healing process. Techniques such as massage and stretching also help prevent injuries that can sideline athletes.

 

  1. Injury Prevention

Injuries are a common risk in combat sports due to the high-impact nature of the activities involved. Myotherapy plays a proactive role in injury prevention by addressing potential issues before they escalate into serious problems. Regular myotherapy sessions help maintain muscle balance, correct biomechanical imbalances, and ensure that athletes’ bodies are well-aligned and less prone to injury.

 

  1. Improved Range of Motion

Flexibility and range of motion are critical for executing complex movements and techniques in MMA and boxing. Myotherapy helps enhance these aspects by targeting restricted areas and improving muscle elasticity. Greater flexibility not only aids in performance but also helps in avoiding injuries that result from limited range of motion.

 

  1. Reduced Stress and Enhanced Mental Focus

The mental strain of competitive combat sports can be significant. Myotherapy offers psychological benefits by reducing muscle tension and promoting relaxation. This stress relief can translate into improved focus and mental clarity, essential for strategic thinking and maintaining composure during bouts.

 

  1. Personalized Treatment Plans

One of the key advantages of myotherapy is the ability to tailor treatment plans to the specific needs of each athlete. Myotherapists conduct thorough assessments to understand individual needs, injuries, and performance goals. This personalized approach ensures that athletes receive targeted care that addresses their unique challenges and supports their specific training objectives.

 

Integrating Myotherapy into Your Training Regimen

 

To fully harness the benefits of myotherapy, combat sports athletes should consider integrating it into their regular training and recovery routines. Scheduling regular sessions with a qualified Myotherapists can help maintain optimal muscle function, prevent injuries, and support peak performance. Fighters and boxers can gain a competitive edge and maintain peak physical condition. As the demands of combat sports continue to evolve, myotherapy stands out as a valuable tool for achieving and sustaining athletic excellence.

 

References

Patra, R.S., Arovah, N.I. and Graha, A.S. (2023) ‘The Effect of Sports Massage and Active Recovery on Fatigue Parameters among Karate Athletes’, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS, 06(07). Available at: https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v6-i7-28.

Boguszewski, D. (2015) ‘Application of physiotherapeutic methods to support training and post-exercise recovery of combat sports and martial arts contestants’, Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts, 6(2), pp. 85–90. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5604/20815735.1195358.

Zainuddin Z, Newton M, Sacco P, Nosaka K. Effects of massage on delayed-onset muscle soreness, swelling, and recovery of muscle function. J Athl Train. 2005 Jul-Sep;40(3):174-80. PMID: 16284637; PMCID: PMC1250256.

LÓpez-Laval I, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Terrados N, Calleja-GonzÁlez J. Evidence-based post exercise recovery in combat sports: a narrative review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2021 Mar;61(3):386-400. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.20.11341-0. Epub 2020 Oct 22. PMID: 33092328

 

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CategoriesChiropractic

How Chiropractic Adjustments Can Improve Sleep Quality

How Chiropractic Adjustments Can Improve Sleep Quality

Sleep is a vital component of overall health and well-being. Yet, many individuals struggle with getting a good night’s rest. Various factors can disrupt sleep, ranging from stress and anxiety to physical pain and discomfort. Interestingly, chiropractic care has been shown to have a positive impact on sleep quality. Here’s how chiropractic adjustments can help you achieve better sleep.

Alleviating Pain and Discomfort

One of the primary reasons people visit chiropractors is to relieve pain, particularly in the back, neck, and joints. Pain is a significant disruptor of sleep; if you’re uncomfortable, falling and staying asleep can be challenging. Chiropractic adjustments can help reduce pain by realigning the spine and joints, which can relieve pressure on nerves and reduce inflammation. There for promoting a better night’s sleep (Walker et al., 2011).

Reducing Stress and Anxiety

Stress and anxiety are common culprits behind insomnia and other sleep disorders. Chiropractic care is not only about physical adjustments but also about promoting overall wellness throughout the body. Regular chiropractic sessions can help lower cortisol levels, the body’s primary stress hormone. Reduced stress levels can lead to a more relaxed state, making it easier to fall asleep and enjoy deeper, more restorative sleep (National Centre for Complementary and Integrative Health. n.d.)

Enhancing Nervous System Function

The nervous system plays a crucial role in regulating sleep. Misalignments in the spine, known as subluxations, can interfere with the nervous system’s ability to function optimally. Chiropractic adjustments aim to correct these misalignments and subluxations, thereby improving nervous system function. This can lead to better regulation of sleep-wake cycles and improved sleep quality. Rubinstein et al. (2011)

Promoting Relaxation

Chiropractic care can also promote relaxation by addressing muscle tension and improving circulation. When muscles are relaxed, and blood flow is enhanced, the body can enter a state of relaxation more easily. This state is conducive to falling asleep faster and staying asleep longer. Deyo et al. (2012)

Chiropractic adjustments offer a multifaceted approach to improving sleep quality by alleviating pain, reducing stress, enhancing nervous system function, and promoting relaxation. If you struggle with sleep issues, consulting a chiropractor might be a beneficial step towards achieving the restful sleep you need.

References

  • Walker, B. F., French, S. D., Grant, W., & Green, S. (2011). Chiropractic care for patients with acute low back pain: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 34(8), 540-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2011.09.004
  • National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (n.d.). Chiropractic: In depth. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from https://nccih.nih.gov/health/chiropractic/introduction.htm
  • Rubinstein, S. M., van Middelkoop, M., Assendelft, W. J. J., de Boer, M. R., & van Tulder, M. W. (2011). Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2011(2), CD008112. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008112.pub2
  • Deyo, R. A., Cherkin, D., & Loeser, J. D. (2012). Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low back pain. Annals of Internal Medicine, 156(7), 477-486. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-156-7-201204030-00006
CategoriesRemedial Massage/Myotherapy

The Benefits of Myotherapy for Back Pain Relief

The Benefits of Myotherapy

The Benefits of Myotherapy for Back Pain Relief

Back pain is a prevalent issue affecting millions of people worldwide, often resulting in discomfort and impaired quality of life. While there are numerous treatments available, myotherapy is gaining popularity for many people due to its holistic and hands on focus. Myotherapy is a specialised form of physical therapy focuses on treating musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction using a range of techniques, making it a valuable option for back pain relief.

What is Myotherapy?

Myotherapy is a manual therapy designed to assess, treat, and manage musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction. It involves various techniques, including deep tissue massage, Trigger point therapy, Dry needling and Joint mobilisation to address pain and improve function in the muscles and connective tissues. Myotherapists use a combination of hands-on treatments and personalised exercise programs to help patients recover and maintain optimal musculoskeletal health.

Benefits of Myotherapy for Back Pain Relief

Targeted Pain Relief

Myotherapy is highly effective in providing targeted relief for back pain. By focusing on the muscles and soft tissues around the spine, Myotherapists can:

  • Release Muscle Tension: Techniques such as deep tissue massage and myofascial release help to release tight muscles and alleviate the associated pain.
  • Address Trigger Points: Myotherapy can identify and treat trigger points which are specific areas of muscle that become tender and refer pain to other parts of the body e.g. down the arm, leg etc.

Improved Muscle Function

A key component of myotherapy is improving muscle function, which is crucial for back pain relief:

  • Restoration of Muscle Balance: Myotherapy helps correct muscle imbalances that can contribute to back pain. By strengthening weak muscles and stretching tight ones Myotherapist aim to balance the body which can improve movement
  • Enhanced Flexibility: Stretching techniques used in myotherapy can increase the flexibility of the muscles and ligaments supporting the spine, reducing stiffness and discomfort.

Enhanced Posture and Alignment

Postural dysfunction and some spinal conditions e.g. scoliosis are some common causes of back pain. Myotherapy addresses these issues by:

  • Correcting Postural Issues: Myotherapists evaluate and address postural imbalances that may be contributing to back pain. Improving posture can help alleviate strain on the spine and surrounding muscles.
  • Improving Spinal Alignment: By targeting muscles that support the spine, myotherapy can help improve spinal alignment, reducing the risk of further injury and pain.

Prevention of Future Injuries

Myotherapy not only helps relieve the onset of back pain but also plays a crucial role in preventing future injuries using:

  • Exercise Programs: Myotherapists can often provide personalised exercise programs designed to strengthen and stabilize the muscles of the back, reducing the likelihood of future pain and injury.
  • Education and Self-Management: Patients receive education on proper body mechanics and self-care strategies designed to empower people in managing and prevent back pain on their own.

Holistic Approach

Myotherapy takes a holistic approach to treating back pain, considering the whole body rather than just the symptomatic area:

  • Integration of Various Techniques: Myotherapy incorporates a range of techniques, including massage, stretching, and exercise, to address the multifaceted nature of back pain.
  • Focus on Overall Wellness: Myotherapists emphasize the importance of overall wellness, including stress management, lifestyle adjustments, and ergonomic improvements to supporting back health.

Complementary to Other Treatments

Myotherapy can be effectively combined with other treatments to enhance overall outcomes:

  • Coordination with Medical Care: Myotherapy can complement medical treatments such as chiropractic care, physical therapy, or medication, providing a comprehensive approach to managing back pain.
  • Integration with Lifestyle Changes: Myotherapists can work alongside other health professionals to integrate lifestyle changes, such as improved ergonomics and exercise routines, into the treatment plan.

Myotherapy offers a range of benefits for those suffering from back pain by providing targeted pain relief to improved muscle function and prevent future injuries. The holistic nature of Myotherapists can effectively address the root causes of back pain and providing a well-rounded approach to treatment. If you’re experiencing back pain, consider consulting with a qualified Myotherapist to explore how this effective therapy can support your recovery and improve your quality of life.

References

Sathiya, K.;Kumar, Mohan (2014). Effectiveness of
Myotherapy on pain among patients subjected to major Orthopaedic surgery at a
Tertiary care Hospital. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology,
[online] 12(11), pp.5399–5406

Kogo, H. and Kurosawa, K. (2010). Seeking the Cause of
Myofascial Pain Syndrome by Identifying which Manual Therapy is Effective
against Muscle Tenderness and Stiffness. Journal of Physical Therapy
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, 22(2), pp.173–176

Boyd C, Crawford C, Paat CF, et al. The Impact of Massage
Therapy on Function in Pain Populations-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
of Randomized Controlled Trials: Part II, Cancer Pain Populations. Pain
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CategoriesChiropractic

The Benefits of Chiropractic Care for Back Pain Relief

The Benefits of Chiropractic Care for Back Pain Relief

The Benefits of Chiropractic Care for Back Pain Relief

Back pain is a common ailment that affects millions of people worldwide. It can stem from various causes, such as poor posture, sedentary lifestyles, injuries, or medical conditions. While there are numerous treatment options available, chiropractic care is a popular and effective method for alleviating back pain. Below covers the benefits of chiropractic care for back pain relief and why it might be the right choice for you.

Non-Invasive and Drug-Free Treatment

One of the primary advantages of chiropractic care is that it is a non-invasive and drug-free treatment option. Chiropractors use hands-on spinal manipulation and various other techniques to align the body’s musculoskeletal system, particularly the spine. This approach helps the body heal itself without the need for surgery or medication, reducing the risk of side effects and dependency on medications.

Targeted Pain Relief

Chiropractors are trained to identify and treat the root cause of back pain, rather than just addressing the symptoms. By performing specific spinal adjustments, they can correct misalignments and restore proper function to the nervous system. This targeted approach can provide immediate relief from pain and discomfort while also promoting long-term healing and a pain free lifestyle.

Improved Mobility and Function

Back pain can significantly impact your ability to perform everyday activities, affecting your quality of life. Chiropractic care not only alleviates pain but also improves mobility and function. Through spinal adjustments and various other therapeutic techniques, chiropractors can enhance joint flexibility, reduce muscle tension, and improve overall range of motion. This allows patients to move more freely and return to their normal activities with ease.

Holistic Approach to Health

Chiropractic care takes a holistic approach to health and wellness. Chiropractors consider the whole person, including lifestyle factors, nutrition, and overall physical and mental well-being. They often provide personalized treatment plans that incorporate exercises, stretches, and lifestyle modifications to support the healing process and prevent future episodes of back pain. This comprehensive approach promotes overall health and helps patients maintain a pain-free lifestyle.

Prevention of Future Injuries

Regular chiropractic care can also play a crucial role in preventing future back injuries. By maintaining proper spinal alignment and addressing any underlying issues, chiropractors help keep the musculoskeletal system in optimal condition. This reduces the likelihood of experiencing recurrent back pain and injuries, allowing individuals to stay active, healthy and injury free.

Complementary to Other Treatments

Chiropractic care can be used in conjunction with other treatments for back pain, such as physical therapy, physiotherapy, massage, and medical interventions. This integrative approach can enhance the effectiveness of treatment and provide comprehensive relief. Chiropractors often work closely with other healthcare providers to ensure that patients receive the best possible care for their condition.

Patient-Centered Care

Chiropractors prioritize patient-centered care, focusing on the unique needs and goals of each individual. They take the time to listen to their patients, conduct thorough assessments, and develop customized treatment plans. This personalized approach ensures that patients receive the most appropriate and effective care for their specific condition, leading to better outcomes and higher satisfaction.

Conclusion

Chiropractic care offers numerous benefits for individuals suffering from back pain. Its non-invasive, drug-free approach provides targeted pain relief, improves mobility, and promotes overall health and wellness. By addressing the root cause of pain and preventing future injuries, chiropractic care can help you achieve lasting relief and a better quality of life. If you’re struggling with back pain, consider consulting a chiropractor to explore how this effective treatment option can benefit you.

Feel free to reach out to us to schedule an appointment or learn more about our chiropractic services. We’re here to help you on your journey to a pain-free life!

References

  1. Walker, B. F., French, S. D., Grant, W., & Green, S. (2011). Chiropractic care for patients with acute low back pain: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 34(8), 540-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2011.09.004
  2. Deyo, R. A., Cherkin, D., & Loeser, J. D. (2012). Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low back pain. Annals of Internal Medicine, 156(7), 477-486. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-156-7-201204030-00006
  3. Gross, A. R., Miller, J., D’Sylva, J., Burnie, S. J., Goldsmith, C. H., Graham, N., … & Haines, T. (2015). Manual therapy for mechanical neck disorders: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 5(3), e005953. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005953
  4. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (n.d.). Chiropractic: In depth. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from https://nccih.nih.gov/health/chiropractic/introduction.htm
  5. Rubinstein, S. M., van Middelkoop, M., Assendelft, W. J. J., de Boer, M. R., & van Tulder, M. W. (2011). Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2011(2), CD008112. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008112.pub2
  6. “How Chiropractic Adjustments Can Improve Sleep Quality”
  7. “The Science Behind Chiropractic Care: Understanding the Concept of Subluxations”
  8. “Chiropractic Care for Sports Injuries: Enhancing Performance and Recovery”
  9. “The Connection Between Chiropractic Care and Stress Relief”
  10. “Chiropractic Care for Children: Supporting Healthy Development and Well-being”
  11. “The Role of Chiropractic Care in Managing Chronic Conditions like Arthritis and Fibromyalgia”
  12. “Debunking Common Myths About Chiropractic Care”
  13. “The Benefits of Chiropractic Care for Improved Posture and Body Mechanics”
  14. “Exploring the Different Techniques and Styles of Chiropractic Care”
Advanced Shockwave Therapy at Elevate Physio Balwyn
CategoriesPhysiotherapy

Advanced Shockwave Therapy at Elevate Physio Balwyn

Advanced Shockwave Therapy at Elevate Physio Balwyn

Shockwave Therapy: Next-Generation Treatment at Elevate Physio Balwyn

Understanding Shockwave Therapy

Shockwave Therapy, also known as Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT), employs high-energy acoustic waves to target specific areas of the body experiencing pain, inflammation, or reduced mobility. Initially used for non-invasive treatment of the kidneys, his technology has found a remarkable application in the field of physiotherapy and tendon health.

The Science Behind Effective Pain Management

The treatment involves delivering focused shockwaves to the affected area. These shockwaves create micro trauma within the tissues, stimulating the body’s natural healing response. This leads to increased blood flow, tissue regeneration, and the breakdown of calcifications or scar tissue that may be hindering the healing process.

Principles of Shockwave Therapy

Shockwave therapy utilizes high-energy acoustic waves to target specific areas of the body affected by musculoskeletal issues. Here’s a simplified breakdown of how it operates:

Shockwave Generation: Specialized devices generate shockwaves, which are intense, short-duration sound waves.
Focused Delivery: These shockwaves are directed precisely to the affected area using imaging techniques like ultrasound, ensuring accurate targeting.
Tissue Interaction: Upon reaching the target area, shockwaves interact with tissues, creating micro trauma. This prompts the body’s natural healing response.
Healing Stimulation: The micro trauma caused by shockwaves stimulates blood flow, tissue regeneration, and the breakdown of scar tissue or calcifications.
Pain Reduction: Shockwave therapy also helps alleviate pain by disrupting pain signals and triggering the release of the body’s natural pain-relieving chemicals.

By harnessing the principles of shockwave mechanics and tissue interaction, shockwave therapy offers a non-invasive and effective solution for various musculoskeletal conditions, promoting healing and pain relief.

Benefits of Shockwave Therapy at Elevate Physio Balwyn

Targeting Chronic Pain and Tendonitis

Shockwave therapy has demonstrated significant outcomes in pain reduction across various conditions. Here are some proven outcomes:

1. Chronic Pain Management: Research has shown that shockwave therapy effectively reduces chronic pain associated with conditions such as plantar fasciitis, tennis elbow, and Achilles tendinopathy. Patients report reduced pain levels and improved functional outcomes after treatment.

2. Tendonitis Relief: Studies have indicated that shockwave therapy provides relief from tendonitis-related pain by promoting tissue healing and reducing inflammation. This non-invasive treatment option has been particularly beneficial for conditions like rotator cuff tendinopathy and patellar tendonitis.

3. Long-Term Relief: Long-term follow-up studies have demonstrated sustained pain relief and functional improvement following shockwave therapy. Patients experience lasting benefits, with reduced reliance on pain medication and improved quality of life.

4. Sports Injuries: Athletes suffering from sports-related injuries, such as muscle strains and stress fractures, have experienced significant pain reduction and accelerated recovery with shockwave therapy. This enables them to return to their activities sooner with reduced risk of re-injury.

5. High Success Rates: Clinical trials and observational studies have reported high success rates in pain reduction with shockwave therapy. Patients often experience a noticeable improvement in pain symptoms after a series of treatment sessions, with minimal side effects.

6. Patient Satisfaction: Patient-reported outcomes and satisfaction surveys consistently show positive feedback regarding the effectiveness of shockwave therapy in reducing pain and improving overall function. Many patients express a high level of satisfaction with the results achieved.

Overall, the evidence supports the efficacy of shockwave therapy in reducing pain across a range of musculoskeletal conditions, making it a valuable treatment option for individuals seeking non-surgical pain relief and improved quality of life.

However, it’s important to note that the effectiveness of shockwave therapy can vary depending on various factors such as the specific condition being treated, the severity of the condition, and individual patient factors.

Your Shockwave Therapy Journey at Elevate Physio Balwyn

Preparing for a Shockwave Therapy Session

Preparing for a shockwave therapy session typically involves a few simple steps:

1. Consultation: First, you’ll have a consultation with your Physio or podiatrist to discuss your medical history, the specific condition being treated, and whether shockwave therapy is suitable for you.

2. Clothing: Wear comfortable clothing that allows easy access to the area being treated. For example, if you’re receiving shockwave therapy for a shoulder problem, wearing a loose-fitting shirt may be helpful.

3. Medications: Inform your physiotherapist about any medications you’re taking, including prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, and supplements. They may advise you on whether to continue or adjust your medications before the session.

4. Hydration: Staying hydrated is important, so drink plenty of water before your session.

5. Avoiding Certain Activities: Depending on the condition being treated, your physiotherapist may recommend avoiding certain activities or exercises that could exacerbate your symptoms before the session.

6. Shaving: If the treatment area has excessive hair, it is recommend to shave the area before the session to ensure proper contact between the shockwave device and your skin.

7. Questions: If you have any questions or concerns about the procedure, don’t hesitate to ask your Physiotherapist during your consultation or before the session begins.

What Patients Can Expect

Patients undergoing shockwave therapy can expect the following:

1. Evaluation and Consultation: Before starting shockwave therapy, patients typically undergo a thorough evaluation by the Physiotherapist. This may include a physical examination, review of medical history, and possibly imaging studies such as X-rays or MRI scans to assess the condition being treated.

2. Treatment Sessions: Shockwave therapy is usually administered in a series of sessions, typically spaced out over several weeks. The exact number of sessions can vary depending on the specific condition being treated and the individual patient’s response to treatment.

3. Procedure: During the shockwave therapy session, a gel may be applied to the skin overlying the treatment area to facilitate the transmission of acoustic waves. The Physiotherapist then applies a handheld device to the skin, which delivers controlled pulses of acoustic waves to the targeted tissues.

4. Sensation: Patients may experience sensations such as tingling, mild discomfort, or a tapping sensation during the treatment. The intensity of these sensations can vary depending on factors such as the energy level of the shockwaves and the individual’s pain threshold.

5. Post-Treatment Care: After each session, patients are typically advised to rest and avoid strenuous activities for a short period. Some patients may experience temporary soreness or mild discomfort in the treated area following the session, but this usually resolves within a few days.

6. Results: The effects of shockwave therapy may not be immediately noticeable, and it may take several weeks to months to experience the full benefits of treatment. Some patients may require additional sessions or complementary treatments for optimal results.

7. Follow-Up: Patients will typically have follow-up appointments with their Physiotherapist to monitor progress, assess treatment response, and determine if further sessions are needed.

Safety of Shockwave Therapy

Shockwave therapy is generally considered safe when performed by trained healthcare professionals.

Common side effects may include mild discomfort or soreness in the treated area, bruising, redness, or swelling. These side effects are usually temporary and resolve within a few days.

Serious complications are rare but can include skin injury, nerve damage, or worsening of symptoms. These risks are minimized by proper patient selection, appropriate treatment parameters, and skilled administration by trained professionals.

Tailored Shockwave Therapy for Various Conditions

Addressing a Spectrum of Musculoskeletal Disorders

Shockwave therapy has been explored and used in the treatment of a spectrum of musculoskeletal disorders, with varying degrees of success and evidence supporting its efficacy. While research and clinical experience suggest that shockwave therapy can be beneficial for certain conditions, its effectiveness may vary depending on factors such as the specific disorder, patient characteristics, and treatment parameters. Here are some musculoskeletal disorders that shockwave therapy has been studied for:

  • Plantar Fasciitis
  • Achilles Tendinopathy
  • Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis)
  • Shoulder Disorders such as calcific tendinitis of the shoulder, rotator cuff tendinopathy, and frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)
  • Patellar Tendinopathy (Jumper’s Knee)
  • Hip Disorders such as hip bursitis and greater trochanteric pain syndrome
  • Muscle Disorders: such as chronic myofascial pain syndrome and trigger points

Condition-Specific Treatment Protocols

The specific protocols for shockwave therapy can vary depending on the condition being treated, the severity of the condition, and individual patient factors. However, here are some general guidelines for shockwave therapy protocols for common musculoskeletal conditions:

Plantar Fasciitis/ Muscle Disorders (Myofascial Pain Syndrome, Trigger Points):

– Energy Level: Low to moderate
– Frequency: Typically 1 session per week for 3-5 weeks
– Total Sessions: 3-5 sessions
– Focus: Targeting the plantar fascia, surrounding tissues/ affected muscle and trigger points

Achilles Tendinopathy:

– Energy Level: Moderate
– Frequency: Typically 1 session per week for 3-6 weeks
– Total Sessions: 3-6 sessions
– Focus: Targeting the Achilles tendon and surrounding tissues

Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis), Patellar tendinopathy (Jumper’s Knee) and Hip Disorders (Hip Bursitis, Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome):

– Energy Level: Moderate to high
– Frequency: Typically 1 session per week for 3-4 weeks
– Total Sessions: 3-4 sessions
– Focus: Targeting the affected tendon insertion site

Shoulder Disorders (Calcific Tendinitis, Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy):

– Energy Level: Moderate to high
– Frequency: Typically 1 session per week for 3-6 weeks
– Total Sessions: 3-6 sessions
– Focus: Targeting the calcific deposits or affected tendon insertion sites in the shoulder

Customized Treatment Strategies at Elevate Physio Balwyn

At Elevate we can customize and strategize your treatment with shockwave therapy, this involves a personalized approach that considers each patient’s individual needs and circumstances.

Starting with an assessment of the patient’s medical history and specific musculoskeletal condition allows for the development of condition-specific treatment protocols. These include Treatment parameters, including shockwave intensity and frequency, which can be adjusted based on the patient’s response to therapy.

Studies show that a combination of shockwave therapy with other modalities such as soft tissue massage, acupuncture, and exercise enhances the effectiveness of treatment. Throughout treatment, we are able to closely monitor the progression and allow for adjustments to the treatment plan as needed.

Follow-up appointments and maintenance sessions may be recommended to sustain the benefits of therapy over time. By tailoring treatment to each patient’s unique situation, customized shockwave therapy strategies aim to maximize effectiveness and promote long-term health for a variety of conditions.

Patient Resources at Elevate Physio Balwyn

Maximizing the Benefits of Your Therapy

Maximizing the benefits of Shockwave therapy involves several key steps aimed at optimizing treatment outcomes and promoting overall well-being. First, it’s essential to adhere to the treatment plan outlined by your Physiotherapist, attending all scheduled sessions and following any prescribed exercises or lifestyle modifications.

Consistency is key to achieving the desired results. Additionally, maintaining open communication with your Physiotherapist is crucial, as it allows for adjustments to the treatment plan based on your progress and any changes in your condition.
Along with treatment, incorporating healthy habits such as regular exercise, proper nutrition, adequate rest, and stress management can support the healing process and enhance the effectiveness of treatment.

Staying proactive about your health by addressing any concerns or questions with your physiotherapist and actively participating in your recovery journey will contribute to maximizing the benefits of shockwave therapy and achieving long-term benefits.

Tips for a Successful Treatment Outcome

By following these steps, you can maximize the benefits of shockwave therapy and improve your recovery

Open Communication: Keep your provider updated on any changes or concerns during treatment.

Combine Therapies: Consider combining shockwave therapy with other treatments (e.g. Massage therapy, Acupuncture, Clinical Exercise)

Healthy Lifestyle: Maintain a healthy lifestyle with proper diet, hydration, rest, and activity levels.

Follow Exercise Plans: Adhere to any prescribed exercises to support the effects of shockwave therapy.

Realistic Expectations: Understand that results may take time and manage your expectations accordingly.

 

 

Study Reference:

Jones et al., 2020 – Efficacy of Shockwave Therapy in Tendon Injuries

Simplicio et al., (2020). Extracorporeal shock wave therapy mechanisms in musculoskeletal regenerative medicine. Journal of clinical orthopedics and trauma, 11 S309–S318

Dedes et al., (2018). Effectiveness and Safety of Shockwave Therapy in Tendinopathies. Materia socio-medica, 30(2), 131–146.

 

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